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 1.5 Overview of GNU `gettext'
 =============================
 
 The following diagram summarizes the relation between the files handled
 by GNU `gettext' and the tools acting on these files.  It is followed
 by somewhat detailed explanations, which you should read while keeping
 an eye on the diagram.  Having a clear understanding of these
 interrelations will surely help programmers, translators and
 maintainers.
 
      Original C Sources ---> Preparation ---> Marked C Sources ---.
                                                                   |
                    .---------<--- GNU gettext Library             |
      .--- make <---+                                              |
      |             `---------<--------------------+---------------'
      |                                            |
      |   .-----<--- PACKAGE.pot <--- xgettext <---'   .---<--- PO Compendium
      |   |                                            |              ^
      |   |                                            `---.          |
      |   `---.                                            +---> PO editor ---.
      |       +----> msgmerge ------> LANG.po ---->--------'                  |
      |   .---'                                                               |
      |   |                                                                   |
      |   `-------------<---------------.                                     |
      |                                 +--- New LANG.po <--------------------'
      |   .--- LANG.gmo <--- msgfmt <---'
      |   |
      |   `---> install ---> /.../LANG/PACKAGE.mo ---.
      |                                              +---> "Hello world!"
      `-------> install ---> /.../bin/PROGRAM -------'
 
    As a programmer, the first step to bringing GNU `gettext' into your
 package is identifying, right in the C sources, those strings which are
 meant to be translatable, and those which are untranslatable.  This
 tedious job can be done a little more comfortably using emacs PO mode,
 but you can use any means familiar to you for modifying your C sources.
 Beside this some other simple, standard changes are needed to properly
 initialize the translation library.   Sources, for more
 information about all this.
 
    For newly written software the strings of course can and should be
 marked while writing it.  The `gettext' approach makes this very easy.
 Simply put the following lines at the beginning of each file or in a
 central header file:
 
      #define _(String) (String)
      #define N_(String) String
      #define textdomain(Domain)
      #define bindtextdomain(Package, Directory)
 
 Doing this allows you to prepare the sources for internationalization.
 Later when you feel ready for the step to use the `gettext' library
 simply replace these definitions by the following:
 
      #include <libintl.h>
      #define _(String) gettext (String)
      #define gettext_noop(String) String
      #define N_(String) gettext_noop (String)
 
 and link against `libintl.a' or `libintl.so'.  Note that on GNU
 systems, you don't need to link with `libintl' because the `gettext'
 library functions are already contained in GNU libc.  That is all you
 have to change.
 
    Once the C sources have been modified, the `xgettext' program is
 used to find and extract all translatable strings, and create a PO
 template file out of all these.  This `PACKAGE.pot' file contains all
 original program strings.  It has sets of pointers to exactly where in
 C sources each string is used.  All translations are set to empty.  The
 letter `t' in `.pot' marks this as a Template PO file, not yet oriented
 towards any particular language.   xgettext Invocation, for more
 details about how one calls the `xgettext' program.  If you are
 _really_ lazy, you might be interested at working a lot more right
 away, and preparing the whole distribution setup ( Maintainers).
 By doing so, you spare yourself typing the `xgettext' command, as
 `make' should now generate the proper things automatically for you!
 
    The first time through, there is no `LANG.po' yet, so the `msgmerge'
 step may be skipped and replaced by a mere copy of `PACKAGE.pot' to
 `LANG.po', where LANG represents the target language.  See 
 Creating for details.
 
    Then comes the initial translation of messages.  Translation in
 itself is a whole matter, still exclusively meant for humans, and whose
 complexity far overwhelms the level of this manual.  Nevertheless, a
 few hints are given in some other chapter of this manual (
 Translators).  You will also find there indications about how to
 contact translating teams, or becoming part of them, for sharing your
 translating concerns with others who target the same native language.
 
    While adding the translated messages into the `LANG.po' PO file, if
 you are not using one of the dedicated PO file editors (
 Editing), you are on your own for ensuring that your efforts fully
 respect the PO file format, and quoting conventions ( PO Files).
 This is surely not an impossible task, as this is the way many people
 have handled PO files around 1995.  On the other hand, by using a PO
 file editor, most details of PO file format are taken care of for you,
 but you have to acquire some familiarity with PO file editor itself.
 
    If some common translations have already been saved into a compendium
 PO file, translators may use PO mode for initializing untranslated
 entries from the compendium, and also save selected translations into
 the compendium, updating it ( Compendium).  Compendium files are
 meant to be exchanged between members of a given translation team.
 
    Programs, or packages of programs, are dynamic in nature: users write
 bug reports and suggestion for improvements, maintainers react by
 modifying programs in various ways.  The fact that a package has
 already been internationalized should not make maintainers shy of
 adding new strings, or modifying strings already translated.  They just
 do their job the best they can.  For the Translation Project to work
 smoothly, it is important that maintainers do not carry translation
 concerns on their already loaded shoulders, and that translators be
 kept as free as possible of programming concerns.
 
    The only concern maintainers should have is carefully marking new
 strings as translatable, when they should be, and do not otherwise
 worry about them being translated, as this will come in proper time.
 Consequently, when programs and their strings are adjusted in various
 ways by maintainers, and for matters usually unrelated to translation,
 `xgettext' would construct `PACKAGE.pot' files which are evolving over
 time, so the translations carried by `LANG.po' are slowly fading out of
 date.
 
    It is important for translators (and even maintainers) to understand
 that package translation is a continuous process in the lifetime of a
 package, and not something which is done once and for all at the start.
 After an initial burst of translation activity for a given package,
 interventions are needed once in a while, because here and there,
 translated entries become obsolete, and new untranslated entries
 appear, needing translation.
 
    The `msgmerge' program has the purpose of refreshing an already
 existing `LANG.po' file, by comparing it with a newer `PACKAGE.pot'
 template file, extracted by `xgettext' out of recent C sources.  The
 refreshing operation adjusts all references to C source locations for
 strings, since these strings move as programs are modified.  Also,
 `msgmerge' comments out as obsolete, in `LANG.po', those already
 translated entries which are no longer used in the program sources
 ( Obsolete Entries).  It finally discovers new strings and
 inserts them in the resulting PO file as untranslated entries (
 Untranslated Entries).   msgmerge Invocation, for more
 information about what `msgmerge' really does.
 
    Whatever route or means taken, the goal is to obtain an updated
 `LANG.po' file offering translations for all strings.
 
    The temporal mobility, or fluidity of PO files, is an integral part
 of the translation game, and should be well understood, and accepted.
 People resisting it will have a hard time participating in the
 Translation Project, or will give a hard time to other participants!  In
 particular, maintainers should relax and include all available official
 PO files in their distributions, even if these have not recently been
 updated, without exerting pressure on the translator teams to get the
 job done.  The pressure should rather come from the community of users
 speaking a particular language, and maintainers should consider
 themselves fairly relieved of any concern about the adequacy of
 translation files.  On the other hand, translators should reasonably
 try updating the PO files they are responsible for, while the package
 is undergoing pretest, prior to an official distribution.
 
    Once the PO file is complete and dependable, the `msgfmt' program is
 used for turning the PO file into a machine-oriented format, which may
 yield efficient retrieval of translations by the programs of the
 package, whenever needed at runtime ( MO Files).   msgfmt
 Invocation, for more information about all modes of execution for the
 `msgfmt' program.
 
    Finally, the modified and marked C sources are compiled and linked
 with the GNU `gettext' library, usually through the operation of
 `make', given a suitable `Makefile' exists for the project, and the
 resulting executable is installed somewhere users will find it.  The MO
 files themselves should also be properly installed.  Given the
 appropriate environment variables are set ( End Users), the
 program should localize itself automatically, whenever it executes.
 
    The remainder of this manual has the purpose of explaining in depth
 the various steps outlined above.
 
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